Holy Roman Empire, The
Originated with the coronation of Otto I in 962 and endured until Francis II renounced his imperial title in 1806. Features the role of the emperor and Reichstag, structure of the empire, and more.
www.heraldica.org/topics/national/hre.htm
Medieval Sourcebook: Empire and Papacy
Documents related to the Investiture Controversy, Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, Pope Innocent III, Frederick II, and the medieval Papacy.
www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1l.html
Catholic Encyclopedia: Bulla Aurea (Golden Bull)
Law issued by Charles IV in 1356 that transformed the empire from a monarchy into an aristocratic federation in which seven Electors voted on new emperors.
www.newadvent.org/cathen/03048a.htm
End of Europe's Middle Ages: Holy Roman Empire
Historical overview from the 14th to 16th centuries. Includes illustrations and maps.
www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/endmiddle/holy.html
Holy Roman Empire Essays
Collection of articles.
www.chivalricorders.org/nobility/holyroman/listinghre.htm
Conflict of Authority: Four Documents from the Investiture Controversy
Introduction and texts relating to the 11th-century conflict between the Popes and Holy Roman Emperors over the right of princes to give appoint church officials.
www2.h-net.msu.edu/~fisher/hst205/readings/InvestitureControversy.html
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